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View ProductExecutive Monograph: Arecoline Hydrobromide (CAS 300-08-3)
Industrial technical assessment, stereochemical characteristics, and pharmacopoeial reference standards for chemical synthesis and downstream formulation.
Arecoline Hydrobromide (chemically designated as methyl 1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate hydrobromide; Molecular Formula: C8H13NO2·HBr; Molecular Weight: 236.11 g/mol; CAS Registry Number: 300-08-3) represents a crucial quaternary-like amine salt alkaloid. Originating historically as the principal psychoactive and parasympathomimetic constituent of the Areca catechu palm seed, contemporary global industrial supply chains have shifted dramatically toward pure organic chemical synthesis to eliminate batch inconsistency, heavy metal bioaccumulation, and botanical co-eluting alkaloids.
As an active muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (interacting across M1, M2, and M3 subtypes) and an antagonist/partial agonist at specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor configurations, Arecoline Hydrobromide functions as a high-potency chemical tool. In veterinary therapeutics, it maintains documented utility as an efficacious cestocidal anthelmintic for canine hydatid disease programs, while in neuroscience and translational pathology, it serves as a golden-standard reference compound for investigating cognitive signal transduction, salivary secretion pathways, and parasympathetic neurochemistry.
| Analytical Parameter | Pharmacopoeial Target Specification | Analytical Method | Typical Factory Lot Release |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assay (Purity on Dry Basis) | 98.5% – 101.5% | Potentiometric Titration / HPLC-UV | 99.65% |
| Appearance | White to almost white crystalline powder | Visual Organoleptic Examination | Conforms (Pure white crystalline) |
| Melting Point Range | 169.0°C – 173.0°C | Capillary Melting Method (USP <741>) | 170.8°C – 171.6°C |
| Loss on Drying (LOD) | ≤ 0.50% | Thermogravimetric Oven (105°C, 3h) | 0.18% |
| Residue on Ignition | ≤ 0.10% | Sulfated Ash (Ph. Eur. 2.4.14) | 0.04% |
| Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, As, Hg) | Total ≤ 10.0 ppm; Individual toxic metals ≤ 1 ppm | ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma | < 2.0 ppm total |
| Related Substances (HPLC) | Individual Impurity ≤ 0.20%; Total ≤ 1.00% | HPLC, C18 Column (215 nm detection) | Individual < 0.08%; Total: 0.28% |
| Residual Solvents | Methanol < 3000ppm; Ethanol < 5000ppm | GC Headspace (USP <467>) | Conforms to ICH Q3C Guidelines |
Global Commercial & Industrial Status
Strategic analysis of consumption patterns, evolving regulatory mandates, and supply chain shifts from crude plant isolation to synthetic API grade excellence.
Veterinary Parasitology Demand
Across pastoral regions in Central Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe, Arecoline Hydrobromide remains an active API in antihelmintic formulations, particularly in the control of Echinococcus granulosus in sheepdogs to break hydatid disease cycles.
Neurobiology & Receptor Screening
Global pharmaceutical institutions utilize Arecoline HBr as a benchmark selective cholinergic probe. With rising Alzheimer's disease investigations, muscarinic agonists remain foundational in profiling cerebral cortex neuro-receptors and blood-brain barrier permeability assays.
Transition to Synthetic Chemistry
Stricter international rules (FDA, EMA) regarding botanical alkaloid impurities have prompted pharmaceutical enterprises to reject natural extracts plagued by arecaidine, guvacine, and carcinogenic nitrosamines, solidifying synthetic routes as the primary industrial benchmark.
Historically, the procurement of arecoline-based salts relied heavily upon the seasonal harvesting of betel nuts across Hainan, India, and Southeast Asia. However, the botanical approach exhibits substantial limitations: erratic crop yields, volatile spot market pricing, and unpredictable levels of mutagenic N-nitrosamines (such as MNPN and NPRO). Advanced manufacturing facilities in China have addressed this operational vulnerability by establishing total chemical synthesis pathways starting from commoditized petrochemical precursors like methyl nicotinate, ensuring stable multi-ton batch reproducibility and zero reliance on raw agricultural harvests.
Synthesis Technical Roadmap & QbD Quality Assurance
Step-by-step chemical engineering, selective partial catalytic hydrogenation, and hydrobromide crystallographic isolation protocols.
N-Methylation
Reaction of methyl nicotinate with methyl iodide or dimethyl sulfate yielding the quaternary 3-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylpyridinium salt intermediate with >99% conversion efficiency.
Partial Reduction
Chemoselective reduction of the pyridinium ring using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or catalytic transfer hydrogenation, precisely halting reduction at the 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine state.
HBr Salt Formation
Controlled acidification of the free base using high-purity gaseous or aqueous hydrobromic acid in anhydrous isopropanol/ethanol media at controlled exothermic crystallization temperatures.
Refinement & Drying
Double recrystallization in vacuum-jacketed crystallizers, followed by closed-circuit centrifugal deliquoring and high-vacuum rotary drying (<45°C) to prevent thermal degradation.
| Synthesis Route Comparison | Botanical Extraction Method | Industrial Chemical Synthesis (Our Factory) |
|---|---|---|
| Precursor Origin | Dried Areca catechu seeds (agricultural) | Methyl Nicotinate & Reagents (Pharma grade) |
| Batch Reproducibility | Low (Varies by seasonal humidity & soil profile) | Ultra-High (Standard Operating Procedures under cGMP) |
| Nitrosamine Contamination | High risk of endogenous nitrosamines (MNPA/MNPN) | Zero endogenous nitrosamines (synthetically controlled) |
| Total Impurity Envelope | 1.5% – 5.0% (Co-eluting alkaloids difficult to separate) | < 0.50% (Known degradation kinetics and profiles) |
| Industrial Scalability | Limited by geographic palm seed harvest cycles | Multi-metric ton continuous or campaign batching |
Localized Application Scenarios & Therapeutic Demands
Pharmacological mechanisms, dose-response profiles, and in vitro / in vivo applications across veterinary medicine and academic research.
Canine Echinococcosis Eradication
Administered orally as a tapeworm purgative (anthelmintic cestocide) at standard concentrations of 1–2 mg/kg. It excites the autonomic nervous system of cestodes, causing complete muscular paralysis and rapid peristaltic expulsion from the animal's intestinal tract.
CNS & Cognitive Research
Acts as a classical agonist at cortical and hippocampal M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Used extensively in preclinical rodent studies to dissect synaptic plasticity, acetylcholine esterase (AChE) feedback loops, and pharmacological reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia.
Secretagogue & Smooth Muscle Motility
Due to intense parasympathetic stimulation, Arecoline HBr serves as a potent sialogogue, promoting abundant secretion from salivary, lacrimal, and bronchial glands, and elevating gastrointestinal contractility in experimental models of paralytic ileus.
China Factory Supply Chain Resilience & Efficiency Advantages
Vertical industrial integration, chemical raw material clustering, and streamlined international logistics from Xi'an Hi-Tech Zone.
Upstream Petrochemical Integration
China supplies over 70% of the world's basic pyridine and nicotinic intermediate building blocks. Our production facilities maintain direct pipeline and bulk railcar access to essential starting reagents, shielding international buyers from raw material cost spikes.
Modern EHS & Zero Production Interruptions
Equipped with thermal oxidizers (RTOs), closed-loop acid gas scrubbing systems, and fully compliant Class-A solvent management infrastructure, our industrial facilities guarantee uninterrupted 365-day manufacturing contracts without environmental shutdown hazards.
Global Multimodal Logistics Infrastructure
Operating out of the Xi'an National Hi-Tech Industrial Park, we consolidate shipments across Chang'an China-Europe Railway Express (12-14 days to European freight hubs) and premier maritime container routes (Qingdao, Shanghai, Shenzhen) with cold-chain monitoring.
Localization Support, Compliance & Analytical Dossiers
Comprehensive regulatory documentation packages structured to satisfy stringent overseas registration authorities.
Full CTD-Format Regulatory Dossier
We supply complete technical documentation covering Drug Master File (DMF) sections: synthetic pathway route justification, critical process parameters (CPPs), critical quality attributes (CQAs), structural elucidation (NMR, FT-IR, HRMS), and ICH stability data.
Customized Bulk Packaging & Inerting
Because Arecoline Hydrobromide is sensitive to atmospheric humidity and light, our finished products are hermetically sealed inside double food/pharma-grade polyethylene liners, vacuum-flushed with high-purity nitrogen, and packaged into 25kg UN-rated fiber drums.
Comprehensive Batch Testing (COA)
Every single commercial batch is systematically released against individual HPLC chromatograms, heavy metal screenings by ICP-MS, residual solvent analysis by GC-FID headspace, and microbial enumeration conforming strictly with USP/EP standards.
Frequently Asked Questions (Technical & Procurement FAQ)
Comprehensive answers regarding product specifications, pharmacological chemistry, custom synthesis, storage, and import compliance.
Q: What is the critical distinction between synthetic Arecoline HBr and botanical extracts?
Botanical extracts extracted from Areca catechu invariably contain co-alkaloids such as arecaidine, guvacoline, and guvacine, which have overlapping retention times and distinct pharmacological toxicity profiles. Crucially, crude extract processing poses significant risks of carcinogenic tobacco-specific/areca-specific nitrosamines (e.g., MNPN). Our pure chemical synthetic pathway guarantees zero endogenous nitrosamines, single impurities controlled below 0.1%, and an absolute assay consistently above 99.0%.
Q: What are the recommended storage protocols to avoid hygroscopic degradation?
Arecoline Hydrobromide is moderately hygroscopic and sensitive to both light and elevated temperature. In solid state, ester hydrolysis can gradually yield arecaidine hydrobromide and methanol. We mandate storage in tightly sealed, light-resistant containers under dry, cool conditions (controlled room temperature of 15°C–25°C, or refrigerated at 2°C–8°C for long-term storage exceeding 24 months) under inert nitrogen blankets.
Q: What analytical methodologies are employed on each released Certificate of Analysis?
Every released production lot undergoes: (1) Identity verification by FT-IR spectrometry and 1H-NMR matching USP reference spectra; (2) Assay via reversed-phase HPLC with photodiode array (PDA/UV at 215 nm) and potentiometric perchloric acid titration; (3) Related substances profiling via gradient HPLC; (4) Residual solvents via headspace GC-FID (ICH Q3C); and (5) Elemental impurities via Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Q: Can ShineHerb Biotech supply custom particle size distributions (mesh size)?
Yes. While the standard crystallization yield is a crystalline powder (approx. 60–80 mesh), we offer clean-room mechanical milling and air-jet micronization services to achieve D90 < 20 μm or D50 < 10 μm, tailored for clients producing uniform veterinary tablets, premixes, or rapid-dissolution laboratory reagents.
Q: What is the Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) and lead time for commercial delivery?
For pilot validation, analytical testing, and academic screening, our sample and trial MOQ begins at 100g to 1kg. For standard commercial procurement, packaged units are 25kg export fiber drums. Lead time for inventory items is typically 3–5 business days from payment verification to freight dispatch. Campaign synthesis runs for multi-ton contracts require 3 to 4 weeks.
Q: How is export compliance and regulatory documentation handled internationally?
We supply complete export clearances, including HS Code classification (2939.79 / 2939.80 depending on destination customs), Non-Dangerous Goods declarations where compliant, complete Technical Data Sheets (TDS), Safety Data Sheets (SDS) adhering to GHS Rev 8, and Certificate of Origin (COO) documents to expedite smooth clearance through customs in Europe, North America, the Middle East, and Asia-Pacific.
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View ProductInitiate Technical Inquiries or Request a Comprehensive Audit Pack
Our regulatory affairs specialists and synthetic process engineers are prepared to supply batch Certificates of Analysis, method validation summaries, stability data, and customized commercial price schedules.