Explore standard-qualified pharmaceutical grades, functional bio-nutrients, and verified chemical building blocks sourced by global procurement officers.
A rigorous review of molecular architecture, synthesis purity benchmarks, and analytical qualification parameters mandatory for cGMP active pharmaceutical intermediate procurement.
Arecoline Hydrobromide (CAS No. 300-08-3, Molecular Formula: C8H13NO2·HBr, Molecular Weight: 236.11 g/mol) represents the refined hydrobromide salt of methyl 1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate. Naturally discovered as the chief muscarinic pyridine-type alkaloid in the seeds of Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae), contemporary commercial applications rely exclusively on synthetic or semi-synthetic pharmaceutical pathways to ensure the strict elimination of genotoxic byproducts and unwanted tandem polyphenols.
Physically, Arecoline HBr crystallizes as an odorless, white crystalline powder or colorless crystals featuring an intensely bitter taste profile. It exhibits exceptional solubility in aqueous solutions (readily soluble in water, 1 g dissolved in ~1 mL H2O at 25°C), high solubility in ethanol, and moderate dissolution in organic solvents like chloroform, making it chemically versatile across diverse solvent matrices used in precision formulation synthesis.
Within neurological, biological, and veterinary mechanisms, Arecoline operates as a selective, potent parasympathomimetic agent acting primarily via the stimulation of postganglionic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs—specifically M1, M2, and M3 subtypes). This structural binding induces broad physiological cholinergic reflexes, notably promoting smooth muscle contractility, enhancing peripheral exocrine gland secretagogue activities, and crossing the blood-brain barrier to trigger centralized cognitive and motor neuron pathways.
Historically relied upon as a veterinary veterinary anthelmintic for canine cestode expulsion (specifically against Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia tapeworms via neuro-muscular paralysis), modern biopharmaceutical research heavily centers on Arecoline Hydrobromide as an experimental probe for cholinergic hypofunction models, neuroplasticity, memory impairment modeling, and targeted receptor binding assays.
| Analytical Parameter | USP / BP Monograph Release Criteria | Typical Batch Release (HPLC/DCS) | Analytical Verification Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Appearance | White crystalline powder or colorless crystals | Conforms (Pure white crystal) | Visual & Organoleptic Inspection |
| Assay Content (Dry Basis) | 98.0% – 101.5% | 99.45% – 99.82% | Potentiometric Titration / HPLC |
| Melting Range | 169°C – 173°C | 170.5°C – 172.0°C | Capillary Melting Apparatus (USP <741>) |
| pH (5% Aqueous Solution) | 3.5 – 5.0 at 25°C | 4.21 | Digital Potentiometric pH Meter |
| Individual Impurity | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.12% | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) |
| Total Related Substances | ≤ 1.0% | ≤ 0.35% | Gradient HPLC UV @ 215 nm |
| Loss on Drying | ≤ 1.0% (105°C, 3 hours) | 0.31% | Thermogravimetric Analysis / Oven Drying |
| Residue on Ignition | ≤ 0.1% | 0.04% | Muffle Furnace Ashing (USP <281>) |
| Heavy Metals (Pb, As, Cd, Hg) | ≤ 10 ppm total | < 2 ppm | Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spec (ICP-MS) |
| Residual Solvents | Meets USP <467> (Class 2/3 limits) | Conforms (Ethanol < 500ppm, Acetone ND) | Headspace Gas Chromatography (GC-HS) |
Evaluating commercial sourcing behaviors across North America, Europe, the Asia-Pacific basin, and emerging pharmaceutical synthesis corridors.
Biomedical institutions and contract research organizations (CROs) globally are scaling compound libraries to screen for next-generation nootropics, neurodegenerative markers, and acetylcholine esterase regulation mechanisms. Because Arecoline Hydrobromide rapidly penetrates physiological blood-brain barriers, bulk procurement for high-throughput in vitro binding assays and in vivo preclinical rodent models has seen an annual compound growth rate exceeding 7.2%.
Buyers prioritize crystalline integrity, exceptional chemical purity (≥99%), and complete absence of genotoxic nitrosamines or solvent residues that might compromise sensitive neural tissue cultures.
While Western companion animal practices utilize broad-spectrum synthesized benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones, specialized veterinary formulators in Latin America, Central Asia, and parts of Eastern Europe preserve targeted requirements for Arecoline HBr active pharmaceutical ingredients. Its distinctive rapid-acting tenifugal action prompts swift peristalsis and tapeworm detachment in canines and working livestock.
Procurement teams sourcing for veterinary formulations focus heavily on batch uniformity, granular flowability for tableting or oral drench reconstitutions, and stability data under rigorous Zone IVB climatic testing conditions.
Global environmental mandates and European REACH regulations have rendered older, pollutant-heavy areca nut extraction unviable for enterprise-level buyers due to seasonal alkaloid variance, hazardous pesticide residues, and ecological degradation. Sourcing entities strictly audit companies providing closed-loop chemical total synthesis utilizing clean catalytic hydrogenations.
By moving to fully synthetic routes from nicotinic acid derivatives or glutarate precursors, modern tier-one manufacturers offer stable commercial volumes free from ecological extraction penalties.
How state-of-the-art intelligent infrastructure in Shaanxi and specialized high-tech chemical zones delivers unmatched cost efficiencies, batch consistency, and uninterrupted global deliveries.
Fully automated DCS reactor loops govern reaction thermals, stoichiometric additions, and acid-base precipitation with millisecond accuracy, removing human operational variance.
Advanced continuous flow micro-reactors enable instantaneous heat dissipation during critical alkylation and hydrobromination phases, suppressing side reactions to near zero.
Integrated fractional distillation systems reclaim up to 96% of organic processing reagents, meeting stringent ISO 14001 carbon emissions guidelines while insulating clients from input cost shocks.
Real-time SCADA datalogging records electronic batch manufacturing records (eBMR), enabling direct audit trails and lot-specific verification from incoming precursors to final container seals.
Located in the heart of China's premier pharmaceutical and botanical science corridor, Shaanxi facilities benefit from direct integration with the Qinling Mountains' comprehensive raw-material research centers and Xi'an's extensive academic network (including Xi'an Jiaotong University and Northwest University). This cluster synergy allows rapid technical transfer of novel synthetic methodologies, immediate access to world-class spectroscopic validation equipment (600MHz NMR, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS), and an abundant pool of seasoned biochemical engineers.
Furthermore, robust direct rail connections to Europe via the Chang'an China-Europe Railway Express and expedited air logistics through Xi'an Xianyang International Airport guarantee compressed lead times. Where fragmented regional brokers suffer stock outages during supply volatility, unified Industry 4.0 Chinese manufacturing facilities maintain rolling safety reserves of critical intermediate 3-pyridinecarboxylic derivatives, assuring year-round price predictability and contract stability.
From neurochemical assay research to veterinary anti-parasitic preparations, understanding operational handling, compounding stability, and functional dosage parameters.
Primary Matrix: Oral disintegrating tablets, chewable deworming morsels, and aqueous veterinary oral drenches.
Formulation Dynamics: Compounding technicians must account for Arecoline Hydrobromide's bitter taste profile by utilizing microencapsulation matrices (ethylcellulose or lipid-based lipid spherical coatings) or masking sweeteners. Formulators pairing Arecoline HBr with complementary cestocides or antinematodal actives like Praziquantel must monitor moisture uptake, as Arecoline HBr is slightly hygroscopic in environments above 65% relative humidity.
Packaging Standard: Double polyethylene pharmaceutical liners inside fiberboard drums containing desiccated silica packs to maintain moisture integrity.
Primary Matrix: Analytical reference standards, receptor ligand buffer solutions, and sterile cell culture assays.
Formulation Dynamics: In pharmacology research exploring M1/M3 muscarinic agonists and cognitive retrieval pathways, Arecoline HBr is reconstituted directly into sterile isotonic saline or physiological buffer systems (PBS, pH 7.2–7.4). Because aqueous solutions undergo slow ester hydrolysis when subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles or excessive heat, analytical researchers require freshly prepared aliquots stored at -20°C shielded from light exposure.
Compliance Criterion: Certified HPLC purity exceeding 99.0% with zero detectable aromatic residues.
Primary Matrix: Multi-step heterocyclic syntheses targeting cholinergic modulators, ophthalmological agents, and prokinetic compounds.
Formulation Dynamics: Process chemists utilize the functionalized tetrahydropyridine core of Arecoline HBr as an advanced building block. The reactive ester functionality enables rapid transesterification, amide coupling, or reduction to alcohol analogs. Suppliers must provide exact impurity fingerprints (especially relating to desmethyl-arecoline and arecaidine derivatives) to prevent side-product compounding down multi-stage synthetic pathways.
Documentation: Complete 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, and MS spectra provided per production lot.
Essential quality assurance milestones and audit checkpoints required before contracting high-volume shipments.
A legitimate bulk supplier must supply comprehensive regulatory binders before sample shipment. This includes a current Certificate of Analysis (COA) specifying exact analytical results rather than generic "conforms" statements, a 16-section GHS-compliant Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS), Technical Data Sheet (TDS), and statements of Non-BSE/TSE, allergen absence, and residual solvent status under USP <467>.
Enterprise procurement teams should confirm whether the manufacturer can support full Drug Master File (DMF) technical packages or open-part dossiers for target regulatory filings with regional health ministries.
Prior to signing annual volume off-take agreements, quality control managers execute split-testing protocols. The manufacturer ships 50g–100g pre-shipment evaluation samples directly from production retain batches.
Testing laboratories cross-verify melting points via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), confirm structural fidelity via High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and validate assay limits using reverse-phase HPLC paired with photo-diode array (PDA) detectors to detect any co-eluting degradants.
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